Sprays applied to control thrips disrupt biological control of other pests such as twospotted spider mites and lygus bugs. Biological control methods, should not be used when either TSWV or INSV is already present in the greenhouse. Larvae rese… Western flower thrips is a key pest of most floriculture crops. Control is not usually necessary because western flower thrips rarely cause economic damage. Thrips will move on air currents. Collect a sample from the part of the plant showing symptoms, including green or chlorotic tissues adjacent to the necrotic area. This insect order is composed exclusively of tiny insects commonly called thrips, and includes more than 7,000 species. Note that it has been reported that populations of WFT have shown resistance to Conserve®. Flowers and plant tips can be shaken over a piece of paper for additional monitoring. It is important to understand that the biological control agents do not feed on all life stages (larvae, pupae and adults) of the Western flower thrips. The eggs of WFT are well protected and in general, pesticide sprays are ineffective against them. Biological Control of Western Flower Thrips. The western flower thrips were originally from the western US, but began to spread in the 1960s and are now a global pest. (Release rate: 10 mites per square foot). Biological control agents must be released before Western flower thrips populations establish or reach outbreak proportions. Control measures include removal of infected plants and WFT control measures, such as spraying, or exclusion of thrips. Pest control materials with contact or translaminar properties are often used to regulate WFT populations whereas systemic pest control materials when applied as a drench or granules to the growing medium typically do not translocate into flower portions (e.g., petals and sepals) at sufficient concentrations to impact WFT adults that normally feed on flowers. ft of growing area. Monitoring . Western flower thrips (WFTs) are difficult to control for several reasons. Western flower thrips has a punching-sucking feeding habit, using the mandible to punch a hole into the host and then inserting the maxillae into the opening. WFT damage potential is due not only to its ability to directly damage greenhouse-grown crops by feeding on leaves and flowers, but also because they may vector destructive tospoviruses. Begonias and poinsettias are much less susceptible to damage and thresholds are much higher. The vigour of the plant is reduced by loss of chlorophyll. Other agents show promise as biological pest control, including the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, and the mirid Dicyphus hesperus. Overlapping generations of thrips within a greenhouse may result in continuous virus transmission. Biological control organisms currently under investigation include: Use of biological control methods should only be implemented as part of a well-planned IPM program. p. 14-16. Using Predatory Mites to Manage Western flower Thrips in Bedding Plant Greenhouses. To delay development of resistance, a standard recommendation is to use long-term rotations among types of pesticides. Growers are encouraged to choose plant vendors with care. Even, when plants are systemically infected, tospoviruses do not spread evenly throughout the plant, so careful selection of tissues is crucial to the success of the test. Use sticky cards to monitor adult thrips. Certain biological attributes of this insect predispose it to be a direct pest across a wide range of crops. Then, rotate to a third class of insecticides, and finally, return to the original material and repeat the whole process. Orius will feed on pollen in the absence of thrips and also other small pests such as spider mites and caterpillar eggs. Pest Thrips of the United States: Field Identification Guide, 2009, Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment, Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, Aza-Direct, Azatin XL, Neemix 4.5, Ornazin, Molt-X, Marathon II, 1% Granular, 60 WP and many others, Avid 0.15EC, Abamectin E pro, Flora-Mek 0.15 EC and others, 1300 Orthene TR, Orthene TT&O, Orthene TT&O 97. ©2021 University of Massachusetts Amherst • Site Policies, Greenhouse Best Management Practices (BMP) Manual, New England Greenhouse Floriculture Guide, Pesticide Information (Labels, MSDS, WPS), Pesticide Licensing (Certification, Exams, Workshops), Soil and Plant Nutrient Testing and Diagnostics, Photos of INSV symptoms on greenhouse plants, University of Massachusetts Plant Disease Diagnostic Lab, Orius Banker/Companion Plants to Combat Thrips Population Spikes, Managing Western Flower Thrips on Greenhouse Crops. Treat with compatible pesticide to reduce populations. Open, weedy land adjacent to orchards should be disced as early as possible to prevent thrips development and migration of adults into orchards. For example, in cut roses, removing all flower buds (including non-marketable flowers) can significantly reduce thrips populations … This article is intended to provide applicable information so growers can develop effective strategies in dealing with WFT. • Use biological control agents such as predatory mites, predatory bugs, and possibly beneficial nematodes Adult male WFT are light yellow, while adult female WFT are a little larger than the males and vary in color from light yellow, yellow with brown splotches, to dark brown. Screening can be used to mechanically exclude WFT. Pest control materials with translaminar properties (the material penetrates and resides in leaf tissues forming a reservoir of active ingredient) may provide enough residual activity even after spray residues have dried. Canadian researchers also looked at castor beans, feverfew, gerbera, Lemon Gem marigold and sunflowers as potential banker plants. Sanderson J.P. Western Flower Thrips Biology and Control. Early detection is critical to the control of WFT and to the prevention of tospovirus infections. 1998. Adult WFT do not acquire the virus from tospovirus-infected plants because tospoviruses pass right through the gut and do not enter the salivary fluid. HG03003 aimed to deliver on going effective chemical management of western flower thrips (WFT) by providing crop specific resistance monitoring and the identification of novel and new chemicals. Some plant species die from the virus, while others survive, but are unsalable. Symptoms of WFT feeding include leaf scarring, distorted growth, sunken tissues on leaf undersides, and flower deformation (Figures 1 through 3). * Mention of specific products in this article does not constitute an endorsement. The carbon dioxide will bring thrips out of their protected areas. Effective sanitation will reduce or even eliminate thrips as a pest problem. Monitoring and Controlling Western Flower Thrips. The drawback to using ornamental pepper plants is that the peppers need to be removed to keep plants continually flowering which is necessary to maintain the Orius population. You want to preserve these compounds for when you are dealing with “high” WFT populations. Both companies have separate kits available for testing for INSV and TSWV. Read on for some practical and effective suggestions to manage these destructive pests. The use of the mouthparts is dependent on the species of thrips. WFT damage plants by feeding on leaves and flowers. Read on for some practical and effective suggestions to manage these destructive pests. Greenhouse IPM for Western Flower Thrips. Western flower thrips adults are yellow-brown in color, are larger and more sluggish in comparison to avocado thrips, and have obvious hairs at the end of the abdomen which adult avocado thrips lack . You can have the best pest control materials at your disposal but if you don’t use or apply them correctly they will not be effective. The Orius will lay eggs in the same area where thrips lay eggs, usually in or near flowers. Vitax Plant Guard Pest & Disease Control, Bug Clear for Fruit and Veg) can give good control of thrips. Check plants each day, looking for WFT feeding scars, which are whitish and have an irregular outline. Discard tomato spotted wilt virus infected plants. Almost all greenhouse crops are susceptible except for poinsettias and roses. WFT exhibit thigmotactic behavior, which means the body is in constant contact with a surface. Control is usually not necessary because western flower thrips rarely cause economic damage at densities that typically occur in strawberry fields. One problem with testing for viruses is that some host plant species do not express TSWV or INSV symptoms until long after the initial infection. However, the bad ones need to be controlled and there are some specific ways to go about controlling thrips. However, development time from egg to adult is host and temperature dependent, with the optimum range between 79 to 84° F. Under these temperatures, the life cycle from egg to adult may be completed in nine to 13 days resulting in multiple generations occurring during a single cropping cycle. Companies that manufacture test kits available for on-site testing. For more information on using biological control agents on WFT, consult the publication Western Flower Thrips: Management on Greenhouse-Grown Crops, which is available at http:www.ksre.ksu.edu/library/entml2/mf2922.pdf. Damage Keeping records over time will provide information on what direction the population is changing and at what rate. Control Of Thrips With Systemic Insecticides. The first larval stage lasts one to two days and second larval stage, two to four days. Pepper plants attract the thrips and also serve as indicator plants for early detection. Maintain a 15 foot weed-free barrier around the greenhouse to help reduce thrips entry. Eggs hatch into first instar nymphs that eventually transform into second instar nymphs. Release Orius late in the day when the louvers are closed and thrips are active. This information is useful in determining the efficacy of a treatment or control measure. Pesticides labeled for greenhouse use against WFT are listed in Table 1. WFT will also eat mite eggs, adult mites, other thrips. Since the tolerance for WFT damage on most greenhouse-grown crops is relatively “low,” the principal management strategy used to deal with WFT populations involves the use of pest control materials. Petunia plants (Petunia x hybrida) are excellent early indicators for the presence of WFT feeding and the transmission of tospoviruses because petunias are not systemically infected with either TSWV or INSV. The life cycle is completed in two to four weeks. Thrips spot unique asymmetrical mouthparts. Early in the cropping cycle, and when plants are primarily in the vegetable stage, try to avoid using the “big guns” or those pest control materials with specific modes of action. (Steinernema feltiae) early in the crop production cycle and make releases on a regular basis. WFT prefer to feed on flowers, so the longer a crop can be grown without flowering the lower the thrips population will be. Each MoA group is assigned an Insecticide Resistance Action Committee Group number (IRAC code). Thrips can also be collected from sticky traps and tested using the test kits. This implies that one mandible is usually longer than the other. The following petunia cultivars are excellent indicator plants for the detection of tospoviruses: Calypso, Super Blue Magic, Blue Carpet, Cascade Blue, Summer Madness, Burgundy Madness, Red Cloud, Super Magic Coral. Orius insidious (Pirate bug) is a generalist predator feeds upon thrips, spider mites and pollen. Western Flower Thrips Biology: These tiny thrips (1-1.4 mm long) damage plants in both their larval and adult stages. Cyclamen, for example, can show no symptoms for up to two months after infection. If the cost of slow release packets is too high, baskets can be treated with Marathon®. It is believed that the sugar is an insect feeding stimulant. Toward the end of the second larval stage, the thrips stops feeding and drops or enters the soil or leaf litter and becomes a prepupa, which is a nonfeeding stage that lasts one or two days before pupation. Brownbridge M., M. Skinner and B. L. Parker. Western flower thrips (WFT) Frankliniella occidentalis continues to be a serious pest of floriculture crops in New England. Frankliniella occidentalis, the western flower thrips, is a representative of the order Thysanoptera. Western Flower Thrips in Greenhouses: A Review of Its Biological Control and Other Methods. In addition to using pest control materials, there is always the option of purchasing and releasing biological control agents (predators and benefical nematodes). However, frequent applications may result in WFT populations developing resistance. There are many insecticides registered for WFT, but overuse of pesticides can lead to resistance in the WFT populations you are trying to control. Symptoms vary depending on plant species, cultivar, developmental stage of the plant, and environmental conditions. Van Driesche, T. Smith, P. Lopes, J. Sanderson, S. MacAvery, T. Rusinec, and G. Couch. Keep flowers off of plants as long as possible to reduce populations. Ohio Florists' Association Bulletin. Floral Facts, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA. Use a blue non-sticky card to attract thrips to indicator plants since WFT are more strongly attracted to blue than to other colors. Table 1. 75 Applewood Drive, Suite A Visual inspections can be improved by blowing lightly into the blossoms or growing points. Instead they feed within the mesophyll and epidermal cells of leaf tissues using a single stylet in the mouth, and then inserting a set of paired stylets, which lacerate and damage cell tissues and function to imbibe cell fluids. Bug Clear Gun for Fruit & Veg, Neudorff Bug Free Bug and Larvae Killer), fatty acids (e.g. WFT feed on a broad range of plants including impatiens, fuchsia, chrysanthemum, ivy geraniums, marigolds, hibiscus, verbena and petunia. GPN recognizes 40 industry professionals under the age of 40 who are helping to determine the future of the horticulture industry. They are generally white when young but brown or black when mature. If the cost of slow release packets is too high, baskets can be treated with imidacloprid (Marathon®). Without viable alternatives for WFT control, the only means to prevent damage is … Adults have two sets of narrow, clear, nearly veinless wings that have dark, hairy, fringes. Tospoviruses, however, may be present even though the plant shows no symptoms. Long Island Horticulture News. However, in most cases, WFT management is “reactive” or occurs when populations are already abundant, which unfortunately limits options. Using On-Site Test Kits to Detect Tospoviruses On-site test kits can be used to determine whether or not tospoviruses are present in greenhouse plants. The egg stage lasts from 2-1/2 to 4 days. For onion and western flower thrips, try releasing minute pirate bugs or the predatory mite Amblyseius cucumeris. different age structures or life stages simultaneously over the course of the crop production cycle. This is where scouting helps time applications of pest control materials accordingly. Adjacent crops such as grapes and citrus can also harbor thrips. • Be sure to contact your local or regional extension entomologist if you have questions or require assistance regarding management of WFT. Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) prefer to feed on developing plant tissues such as growing tips and flower buds. 2001. In addition to direct feeding injury, WFT vector two tospoviruses, the impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) and the tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), both of which can be identified using on-site test kits. Sanitation is the first and most important step in implementing an effective pest management program. Most insecticides and miticides affect insects and mites in specific ways. However, it is important to note that any WFT This is vital to the development of an effective and “sustainable” WFT management program. Some thrips are beneficial because they kill other pests to your plants, so you want some thrips on flowers. Adult WFT are about 1/16th of an inch long, and are long and narrow shaped, like grass seed. Three to five applications in a seven to 10-day period may be needed to obtain sufficient kill when WFT populations are “high” and there are different life stages (eggs, nymphs, pupae, and adults) and/or overlapping generations present, which occurs mainly from spring through late fall. W… Also, screening will only be helpful if the source of infestation is from thrips migrating in from the outside and not from infected plant material within the greenhouse, which is most common. Iris Yellow Spot is transmitted by onion thrips. Treating just a portion of the crop with Marathon® will help to slow the development of pest resistance. But the key to implementing a successful biological control program is to release natural enemies early enough in the cropping cycle. Thrips feed by piercing plant cells with their mouthparts and sucking out their contents. Seven species of thrips are vectors for TSWV, but the only confirmed vector for INSV is WFT. WFT are small (about 2.0 mm long) insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts. About 60-80 pirate bugs can be released per flowering pepper plant. This was also true for sunflowers, which were also susceptible to powdery mildew as well as thrips damage. Use a rate of at least one card per 1,000 sq.ft. Larvae are very tiny and difficult to distinguish without magnification. The second instar nymphs migrate to the base of a plant and enter the growing medium to pupate. This year, growers have had even more reason to worry about thrips, since Iris yellow spot virus was recently discovered in California. Pest description and crop damage Adult western flower thrips (WFT) are very small (about 0.04 inch long at maturity), slender insects with fringed wings. A 10 or 20x hand lens will help to distinguish adult thrips from pieces of peat moss or other debris. In fact, most consumers don’t even know what a WFT is. If a plant is suspected of being infected with a tospovirus because the plant is showing symptoms of virus infection, a tissue sample can be collected from those parts of the plant showing symptoms. This will kill thrips on outdoor weeds and prevent them from entering the greenhouse to search for new hosts when weeds are mowed. For example, avocado thrips and greenhouse thrips superficially scar avocado fruit skin. Recent research in Canada reported  that the cultivar "Purple Flash" was more effective as a banker plant than the ornamental pepper variety "Black Pearl" which has been used over the past few years for this purpose. Tospovirus symptoms often mimic symptoms caused by other problems such as nutrient deficiencies. The pupal stage does not feed and is very tolerate or immune to most pest control materials used to regulate WFT nymph and adult populations. R. Chris Williamson, Turf and Ornamental Specialist Revised: 4/25/2004 Item number: XHT1022 . Biological control of western flower thrips, in general, can be very difficult or more challenging than using insecticides. Some growers use a general tolerance level of 5-10 thrips per card per week. Instead, use pest control materials with broad modes of activity such as Beauveria bassiana alone, or mixed with azadirachtin, insecticidal soap, horticultural oils, or insect growth regulators such as novaluron. Thrips are often attracted to weeds blooming on the orchard floor. Ideally, insecticides should be applied with equipment that produces very small spray particles (<100 microns). As such, those materials with translaminar properties are more likely to be effective in killing WFT in terminal or flower buds. To prevent driving thrips into the trees, do not disc the cover crop when trees are in bloom. There is evidence of predatory behavior in this species. Western flower thrips can be distinguished by their red eyes, while onion thrips have gray eyes. Biological control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis with Orius species in eggplant greenhouses in Turkey 470 Although the thrips number per leaf in 6 O. laevigatus-released plots was statistically different from the other plots after 7th of April, it was above the economical threshold (p<0.05) (Table 1). How to Kill Thrips. Enhancing the activity of insect-killing fungi for floral IPM. Commercial fungus kills thrips. It has observed that the Cosmos "Sensation White" has been especially helpful in encouraging their Orius populations. Connect with UMass Extension Greenhouse Crops & Floriculture Program: UMass Research and Education Center Farms, Conservation Assessment Prioritization System (CAPS), Extension Risk Management/Crop Insurance Education, North American Aquatic Connectivity Collaborative, Civil Rights and Non-Discrimination Information. Note that Amblyseius cucumeris is available in two formulations, sachets (packets of mites and prey in bran that act as slow release systems) and bulk formulation of mites on bran. Photos of INSV symptoms on greenhouse plants (scroll to see various crops). Tolerance levels or damage thresholds determine the damage that is likely to occur at a particular population level. During feeding, saliva is injected into the plant cell and the contents withdrawn. Currently there are no recommendations for soil drenches aimed at thrips pupae. For example, Saintpaulia is very susceptible and treatment thresholds are lower than 5-10 thrips/trap/week. PDF: Developing an Effective Western Flower Thrips Management Program, SePRO Announces Personnel Moves for Next Phase of Growth, Proven Winners ColorChoice Brings Back Shrub Madness Bracket Competition, University of Florida Releases New Video on Monitoring Hydroponic Systems, What Consumers See in Their Gardens of the Future, Culture Report: New Guinea Impatiens Harmony Colorfall Series, Vaughan’s Horticulture Announces Sudden Passing of Matt Willoughby, UF to Host Virtual Field Day on Compact Vegetable Evaluation, EHR Strengthens Team with Former Gloeckner Reps. Keep thrips-infected plants isolated in a separate area to prevent them from moving throughout the range. As with many greenhouse pests, WFTs have a fairly short time from one generation to the next so they quickly will build up tolerance to pesticides. The following biological control program using natural enemies in combination with insecticides was tested for spring crops in commercial greenhouses in Massachusetts. Sometimes flower buds abort. Place Amblyseius cucumeris slow release sachets in hanging baskets that cannot easily be reached. January. Also, plant propagators will have a lower tolerance threshold for thrips than finished plant growers. Adults emerge from the pupal stage after approximately six days. Pest control materials must be applied before WFT enter terminal or flower buds because once they do, it is very difficult to obtain adequate regulation and prevent injury. If soil is present under greenhouse benches, treat the soil with a pesticide to eliminate the developmental stages of WFT. The IPM Practioner 17(4) pp 1-11. Sparta, MI 49345. Treatments should stop when numbers of thrips have declined to an acceptable level. L.B. The use of yellow sticky traps will help to detect emerging adults. While resistance is of concern, failure of chemical control is most often due to poor timing, poor coverage or other factors and these causes should be considered before assuming resistance. Adding sugar may cause more feeding injury if the insecticide is not effective. Depending on environmental conditions and nutrient levels, WFT females lay 150-300 eggs during their lifetime. Life Cycle drawing credit: See references - Sanderson J.P. 1990. Western flower thrips can be difficult to manage for a number of reasons. Both adults and nymphs may aggregate in flowers or other concealed locations on plants; however, adults (particularly females) prefer to feed on pollen. **The author would like to acknowledge Joe Chamberlin (Valent U.S.A. Another thing to consider is once plants are purchased and placed into gardens or landscapes then WFT populations are subject to a variety of factors that cause mortality (death) including natural enemies (e.g., predators) and weather (e.g., rainfall). Mode of action is the way a chemical works, so chemicals in different chemical classes may have the same or similar modes of action and be causes of pesticide resistance. Western Flower Thrips Biology and Control. Determine which crops, and even cultivars, are “most” susceptible to WFT and pay particular attention to these in your scouting program. • Establish thresholds (e.g., 10 to 20 adults per sticky card per week) for WFT adults, but be flexible, as these will likely change based on the crops grown, especially those that are susceptible to the viruses transmitted by WFT. These ways may be called the pesticides "mode of action". When infestations become serious the leaves themselves can shrivel. Get one year of Greenhouse Product News in both print and digital editions for free. WFT may also pupate in the open flowers of certain plants with complex floral architectures, such as chrysanthemum. The only way to maintain WFT populations at “low” levels are by timing of applications and thorough coverage of all plant parts. The spread of WFT and TSWV or INSV from grower to grower is caused in two ways: by shipping tospovirus-infected plants (both propagative and pre-finished) and by shipping plant materials infested with tospovirus-carrying WFT. See section on monitoring. Adults however, do not transmit the virus to their young and there is no transmission from adult to egg. MOA group numbers are found on many pesticide labels and are listed below for selected materials listed for managing WFT. Western flower thrips (WFT) are the most important insect pest of horticultural greenhouse-grown crops worldwide. Control of western flower thrips is extremely difficult due to several biological characteristics of this species. Flowers and leaves have a characteristic “silvery” appearance due to the influx of air after the removal of plant fluids (Figure 4). Mention of a pesticide does not constitute an endorsement of any product and any omission from this list is unintentional. • Use pest control materials with broad modes of action early in the crop production cycle and if populations are starting to increase (based on numbers of WFT captured on sticky cards) then incorporate pest control materials with site-specific modes of action. A contact insecticide such as horticultural oil can be used outside the perimeter of the greenhouse prior to mowing or using herbicides. Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis P. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a major agricultural and horticulture pest worldwide (Kirk, 2002; Kirk and Terry, 2003).It causes damage and spoilage to a vast number of economically important plant species through feeding, oviposition and spread of several plant diseases, most notably tospoviruses (Morse and Hoddle, 2006). The life cycle consists of an egg stage, two nymphal stages, two pupal stages and an adult. TSWV is a problem mostly on vegetable plants such as tomatoes and peppers, while INSV is the predominant tospovirus found in ornamentals. Flower-feeding thrips are routinely attracted to bright floral colors, especially white, blue, and yellow, and will land and attempt to feed. The pesticide label is the ultimate authority for pesticide use. Damaged plant cells collapse, resulting in deformed plant growth, flower deformation, or silvered patches and flecking on expanded leaves. Treatment decisions should be based on scouting records that include numbers of thrips, not only on the presence or absence of thrips. Once you start seeing an increase in numbers on the sticky cards, which may be above your established threshold (e.g., 10 to 20 adult WFT per sticky card per week), then you may need to use a different set of pest control materials including abamectin, acephate, methiocarb, spinosad, chlorfenapyr and/or pyridalyl to ‘knock down’ populations. Pesticides labeled for WFT in greenhouses. It is difficult to manage WFT in greenhouses for a number of reasons, including its ability to feed on a broad range of plant types, high female reproductive capacity, rapid lifecycle (egg to adult), small size (_ 2.0 mm long), feeding habit, cryptic habitats (e.g., unopened flower buds) and resistance to pest control materials. There is no cure. Lyon, S., R.G. In fact, two weeks before you anticipate shipping the crop, take a leisurely walk through your greenhouses and if you don’t see any noticeable crop damage and the crop looks marketable then consider not applying any pest control materials. Eggs are inserted in leaves, bracts, and petals and hatch in about a week into larvae, which feed in flower buds or terminal foliage. WFT damage plants directly by feeding, and indirectly by acting as vectors for the tospoviruses impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Good sanitation controls Tospoviruses. 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Parker no recommendations for soil drenches aimed at thrips pupae WFT... As biological pest control materials, which means the body is in constant contact with a clothespin so cards! Exhaustive `` pest management program to reduce populations species die from the vascular tissue to the! Equipment that produces very small spray particles ( < 100 microns ) is very western flower thrips control! Usually longer than the other juices and sometimes spread viruses American media Services & Product... To diagnose tospovirus infections only the two larval instars of WFT have shown resistance to pesticides different! Detect tospoviruses On-Site test kits available for testing for INSV is the first and important... Damage you see on your crops common question asked by greenhouse producers is associated with the use yellow... Avoid or at least one card per 1,000 sq.ft been reported that populations of Biology! Often used to determine the future of the ten known types of pesticides produces very small spray particles
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